Protecting CSOs From Legislative Onslaught

For the past few years, Ethiopia has seen a vibrant and diverse civil society sector serve as a vital force for development, democracy, and social cohesion. From advocating for human rights and good governance to delivering essential services, civil society organizations (CSOs) have played a praiseworthy role in improving the livelihood of millions of Ethiopians. However, Ethiopia’s Ministry of Justice has drafted a new proclamation that numerous local and international civil society organizations (CSOs) and human rights advocates argue would allow the government to exercise undue control over the activities and funding of CSOs. They argue the proposed amendments to the existing Civil Society Organizations (CSO) Proclamation grant extensive authority to the Authority for Civil Society Organizations (ACSO) to interfere in the internal operations of independent organizations, impose heavy administrative burdens, and arbitrarily restrict access to funding—particularly targeting groups involved in democratic advocacy or election-related efforts. They argue that the passage of the draft proclamation poses the real risk of silencing civil society, undermining democratic space, and ultimately weakening Ethiopia’s ability to address its pressing socio-economic and political challenges.

Chief among the amendments envisaged by the draft legislation is the banning of funding from international and diaspora sources for organizations engaged in political advocacy, voter education, or election observation. Given these organizations often rely heavily on international funding and operate in sensitive environments; the new regulations could effectively cut off their support networks and internal autonomy, forcing many to cease operations or operate under constant intimidation and threat. The draft also introduces a major structural change in the governance of CSO by way of enabling the government to appoint five of the seven board members of the board of ACSO, thereby handing it effective control over what ideally should be an independent agency.  It further allows the Authority to decline to register, suspend or dissolve organizations which it can deem to be a “threat to national security,” a determination it can make at its sole discretion. Another alarming feature of the draft proclamation is it bestows on Board a final say on appeals lodged by CSOs following administrative decisions handed down by the Authority, undermining their right to an independent and fair review process by the courts.

A free and independent civil society is a cornerstone of democracy. CSOs empower citizens, monitor government actions, provide social services, and contribute to policy debates. They serve as vital watchdogs, exposing corruption, injustices, and abuses—activities that are essential for good governance. The suppression or marginalization of civil society curtails societal resilience, reduces avenues for peaceful expression, and diminishes the country’s capacity to address issues like poverty, inequality, and human rights. In Ethiopia, CSOs by and large have historically been instrumental in advancing peace processes, pushing for reforms, and supporting vulnerable populations. The current threats to their existence threaten to unravel the modicum of democratic gains Ethiopia has made since the much-touted reforms the administration of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (PhD) instituted soon after he came to power seven years ago. A strong civil society serves as an essential bridge between citizens and government, fostering social cohesion and inclusion—values that are now gravely imperiled.

Passing laws that curtail civil society’s space would mark a regression in Ethiopia’s democratic trajectory. It signals a shift away from the principles of openness, transparency, and engagement that Ethiopia has been gradually cultivating. Such moves could lead to increased public distrust, social polarization, and conflict proliferation, particularly if organizations working on sensitive issues are silenced or persecuted. Furthermore, the regression not only damages Ethiopia’s domestic standing but also invites international criticism and sanctions. Donor agencies, human rights organizations, and diplomatic missions have long championed the importance of civic space. Restrictions threaten to further dent Ethiopia’s reputation as a nation mired in democratic backsliding, potentially jeopardizing essential foreign aid, technical assistance, and investments vital for the country’s development.

The draft legislative emerges amid a broader and increasingly harsh crackdown on civic space in Ethiopia. In 2024 alone, over 1,500 organizations were reportedly shut down primarily due to administrative non-compliance—a consequence of systemic barriers and resource constraints rather than malicious intent—while the relatively progressive media law enacted in 2021 was amended in April 2025 months in a manner that also dealt a mortal blow to fundamental freedoms.  Ethiopia stands at a pivotal moment. The country faces enormous challenges—conflicts, economic pressures, and social divisions—that require dialogue, inclusion, and active civic participation. Suppressing civil society undermines these efforts and threatens to take it down a dangerous path that only spells disaster. It is thus incumbent on the government to launch a consultative forum involving all civil society stakeholders and listen to their valid concerns before rushing to adopt it. The sooner the better!